1 day ago · Essay about education is the key to success essay on ethics in business causes and effect of alcoholism essay, illustration essay pdf essay depression title, unforgettable moments in high school essay. Dissertation topics on criminal law. Narrative essay with idioms dissertation topics on criminal law Apr 07, · How to choose a topic for cause and effect essay? While picking up a topic for your essay on causes and effects, take something you are really into. This may actually be anything you can imagine. If you are puzzled with a variety of the available college research paper topics, try concentrating on the questions that strike you most.. They can still be very different, but maybe there will be Causes of divorce. Research of the most common divorce reasons among young family gave the following result: 1st place. Cause of divorce is harmful habits, in particular the problem of alcoholism in a family (in most cases husband’s alcoholism); 2nd place. Cause of divorce is adultery of one of the spouses; 3rd place
Divorce Essay: Causes and Effects
The modern disease theory of alcoholism states that problem drinking is sometimes caused by a disease of the braincharacterized by altered brain structure and function. The largest association of physicians - the American Medical Association AMA declared that alcoholism was an illness in Alcoholism is a chronic problem.
However, if managed properly, damage to the brain can be stopped and to some extent reversed. The risk of developing alcoholism depends on many factors, such as environment. Since the consumption of alcohol is necessary to develop alcoholism, the availability of and attitudes towards alcohol in an individual's environment affect their likelihood of developing the disease. In a review inMcLellan et al. compared the diagnoses, heritability, etiology genetic and environmental factorspathophysiology, causes of alcoholism essay, and response to treatments adherence and relapse of drug dependence vs type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and asthma.
They found that genetic heritability, personal choice, and environmental factors are comparably involved in the etiology and course of all of these disorders, providing evidence that drug including alcohol dependence is a chronic medical illness. Twin studiesadoption studies, and artificial selection studies have shown that a person's genes can predispose them to developing alcoholism.
Adoption studies also suggest a causes of alcoholism essay genetic tendency towards alcoholism. Studies on children separated from their biological parents demonstrates that sons of alcoholic biological fathers were more likely to become alcoholic, even though they have been separated and raised by non alcoholic parents. In artificial selection studies, specific strains of rats were bred to prefer alcohol.
These rats preferred drinking alcohol over other liquids, resulting in a tolerance for alcohol and exhibited a physical dependency on alcohol. This study suggests that certain brain mechanisms are more genetically prone to alcoholism.
The convergent evidence from these studies present a strong case for the genetic basis of alcoholism. Historians debate who has primacy in arguing that habitual drinking carried the characteristics of a disease.
Some note that Scottish physician Thomas Trotter was the first to characterize excessive drinking as a mental disease, or medical defect. Others point to American physician Benjamin Rush —a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence — who understood drunkenness to be what we would now call a "loss of control" — as possibly the first to use the term "addiction" in this sort of meaning.
My observations authorize me to say, that persons who have been addicted to them, should abstain from them suddenly and entirely. Rush argued that "habitual drunkenness should be regarded not as a bad habit but as a disease", describing it as "a palsy of the will".
von Brühl-Cramer. In Swedish physician Magnus Huss coined the term "alcoholism" in his book Alcoholismus chronicus. Some argue he was the first to systematically describe the physical characteristics of habitual drinking and claim that it was a mental disease.
However, Huss regarded heavy drinking still as a vice that causes a destruction of the nervous system. Given this controversy, the best one can say is that the idea that habitual alcohol drinking was a disease had become more acceptable by the second half of the nineteenth century, although many writers still argued it was a vice, a sin, and not the purview of medicine but of religion.
Between andmedical organizations, including the AMA, worked together to establish policies regarding their positions on the disease theory. These policies were developed in in causes of alcoholism essay because third-party reimbursement for treatment was difficult or impossible unless alcoholism were categorized as a disease.
The policies of the AMA, formed through consensus of the federation of state and causes of alcoholism essay medical societies within their House of Delegates, state, in part:.
Inthe AMA further endorsed the dual classification of alcoholism by the International Classification of Diseases under both psychiatric and medical sections. The disease theory is often interpreted as implying that problem drinkers are incapable of returning to 'normal' problem free drinking, causes of alcoholism essay, and therefore that treatment should focus on total abstinence.
Some critics have used evidence of controlled drinking in formerly dependent drinkers to dispute the disease theory of alcoholism. The first major empirical challenge to this interpretation of the disease theory followed a study by Dr.
Davies concluded that "the accepted view that no alcohol addict can ever again drink normally should be modified, although all patients should be advised to aim at total abstinence"; After the Davies study, several other researchers reported cases of problem drinkers returning causes of alcoholism essay controlled drinking. Ina major study commonly referred to as the RAND report, published evidence of problem drinkers learning to consume alcohol in moderation.
Subsequent studies also reported evidence of return to controlled drinking. whose dependence began over one year previously had become "low-risk drinkers" less than 14 drinks per week and 5 drinks per day for men, or less than 7 per week and 4 per day for women.
This modern longitudinal study surveyed more than 43, individuals representative of the U. adult population, rather than focusing solely on those seeking or receiving treatment for alcohol dependence. However, many researchers have debated the results of the smaller studies.
A followup of the original 7 cases studied by Davies suggested that he "had been substantially misled, and the paradox exists that a widely influential paper which did much to stimulate new thinking was based on faulty data.
The second RAND study, incauses of alcoholism essay, found that alcohol dependence represents a factor of central importance in the process of relapse. But the greater the initial level of dependence, the higher the likelihood of relapse for nonproblem drinkers. in which found that severity was associated positively with the likelihood of abstinent recovery and associated negatively with the likelihood of non-abstinent recovery or controlled drinking.
As part of a harm reduction strategy, provision of small amounts of alcoholic beverages to homeless alcoholics at homeless shelters in Toronto and Ottawa reduced government costs and improved health outcomes. Inthe US Supreme Court upheld a regulation whereby the Veterans' Administration was able to avoid paying benefits by presuming that primary alcoholism is always the result of the veteran's "own willful misconduct.
White echoed the District of Columbia Circuit's finding that there exists "a substantial body of medical literature that even contests the proposition that alcoholism is a disease, causes of alcoholism essay, much less that it is a disease for causes of alcoholism essay the victim bears no responsibility".
It is not our role to resolve this medical issue on which the authorities remain sharply divided. The American Bar Association "affirms the principle that dependence on alcohol or other drugs is a disease. Alcoholism is a disease with a known pathology and an established biomolecular signal transduction pathway [51] which culminates in ΔFosB overexpression within the D1-type medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens ; [51] [52] [53] when this overexpression occurs, ΔFosB induces the addictive state.
Inthe World Health Organization published a detailed report on alcohol and other psychoactive substances entitled "Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence". The report highlights the current state of knowledge of the mechanisms of action of different types of psychoactive substances, and explains how the use of these substances can lead to the development of dependence syndrome.
However, causes of alcoholism essay, with recent advances in neuroscience, it is clear that dependence is as much a disorder of the brain as any other neurological or psychiatric illness. The American Society of Causes of alcoholism essay Medicine and the American Medical Association both maintain extensive policy regarding alcoholism.
The American Psychiatric Association recognizes the existence of "alcoholism" as the equivalent of alcohol dependence. The American Hospital Associationthe American Public Health Associationcauses of alcoholism essay, the National Association of Social Workersand the American College of Physicians classify "alcoholism" as a disease.
In the US, the National Institutes of Health has a specific institute, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism NIAAAconcerned with the support and conduct of biomedical and behavioral research on the causes, consequences, treatment, and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems.
It funds approximately 90 percent of all such research in the United States, causes of alcoholism essay. The official NIAAA position is that "alcoholism is a disease. The craving that an alcoholic feels for alcohol can be as strong as the need for food or water. An alcoholic will continue to drink despite serious family, health, or legal problems. Like many other causes of alcoholism essay, alcoholism is chronic, meaning that it lasts a person's lifetime; it usually follows a predictable course; and it has symptoms.
The risk for developing alcoholism is influenced both by a person's genes and by his or her lifestyle. Certain medications including opioid antagonists such as naltrexone have been shown to be effective in the treatment of alcoholism. Some physicians, scientists and others causes of alcoholism essay rejected the disease theory of alcoholism on logical, empirical and other grounds. These critics hold that by removing some of the stigma and personal responsibility the disease concept actually increases alcoholism and drug abuse and thus the need for treatment.
It is possible causes of alcoholism essay belief in alcoholism as a loss-of-control disease predisposes clients to relapse, or that repeated relapses reinforce clients' beliefs in the disease model.
One study found that only 25 percent of physicians believed that alcoholism is a disease. The majority believed alcoholism to be a social or psychological problem instead of a disease. Thomas R. Hobbs says that "Based on my experiences working in the addiction field for the past 10 years, causes of alcoholism essay, I believe many, if not most, health care professionals still view alcohol addiction as a willpower or conduct problem and are resistant to look at it as a disease.
Lynn Appleton [ who? Not only does alcoholism not follow the model of a 'disease,' it is not amenable to standard medical treatment, causes of alcoholism essay. Bankole JohnsonChairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Virginia. Frequency and quantity of alcohol use are not related to the presence of the condition; that is, people can drink a great deal without necessarily being alcoholic, and alcoholics may drink minimally or infrequently.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Disease theory, causes of alcoholism essay. Medical condition. American Medical Association. Retrieved 4 October National Council of State Boards of Nursing.
Bartsch; György Homola; Armin Biller; Stephen M. Smith; Heinz-Gerd Weijers; Gerhard A. Wiesbeck; Mark Jenkinson; Nicola De Stefano; László Solymosi; Martin Bendszus Oxford University Causes of alcoholism essay. doi : PMID The Journal of the American Medical Association.
Current Psychiatry Reports. S2CID JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. Donald Psychology: The Science of Behaviour 3rd Canadian Edition. ISBN Retrieved In Begleiter, Henri; Kissin, Benjamin eds. The Genetics of Alcoholism. British Journal of Pharmacology. PMC
What We Get Wrong About “Alcoholism”
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The level of unemployment varies with economic conditions and other circumstances. The causes of unemployment include increased population, rapid technological change, lack of education or skills and rising cost lead to financial, social and psychological problems. Causes of Unemployment. There are four main causes of unemployment Causes of divorce. Research of the most common divorce reasons among young family gave the following result: 1st place. Cause of divorce is harmful habits, in particular the problem of alcoholism in a family (in most cases husband’s alcoholism); 2nd place. Cause of divorce is adultery of one of the spouses; 3rd place 1 day ago · Beauty pageants persuasive essay. How concept paper is related to research paper qualitative research essay papers example of a peer review essay case study Pn alcoholism. How to write an extended essay introduction how to add more information to an essay religion essay easy life of a freedom fighter in bangladesh essay, basic essay writing structure, michael jackson research paper
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